| 摘要: |
| 海洋塑料作为一类具有潜在生态风险的污染物，已经引起了研究人员的重点关注。大到数米的塑料垃圾，小到微米级的微塑料，塑料污染物以各种形式在海洋环境中广泛存在。因能长期以固体形式赋存于海水和沉积物中，塑料污染物比溶解性污染物更难在海洋介质中均匀分散；但近年来，各项调查活动却在远离塑料来源的大洋、极地和深海中均发现了塑料污染物，这显然与塑料在海洋环境中的迁移息息相关。一方面，海洋中塑料污染物的分布和迁移受到塑料自身性质以及多种环境因素的影响。因此，针对海洋塑料污染物设计监测方案时，有必要通过对这些因素的研判，规范和优化采样方案，有效提高采样代表性。另一方面，了解海洋塑料污染物迁移和归趋的影响因素，也是预测塑料污染物蓄积和富集的海域或层次，推断其在海洋生境中的暴露情况，进而预测其潜在风险的必要前提。本文归纳了海洋塑料污染物迁移规律的相关研究，分析了影响海洋中塑料污染物水平和垂直分布的因素，总结并列举了在海洋水体和沉积物介质中塑料污染物监测活动的常用采样方法，分析了塑料污染物监测活动方案的制订依据和注意事项。 |
| 关键词: 海洋环境科学 塑料 微塑料 分布 迁移 监测 |
| DOI：10.3969/J.ISSN.2095-4972.2023.02.017 |
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| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划（2019YFD0901101） |
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| Transport, fate and monitoring of plastic debris in the sea |
| CHEN Hongzhe,PANG Jinling,GUO Huige,ZHANG Yuanbiao,OUYANG Guang |
| (Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Xiamen 361005, China) |
| Abstract: |
| Since the last century, marine plastic debris, as a category of pollutants with potential ecological risks, have attracted the attention of researchers. As large as several meters or as small as a few microns, plastics are widely distributed in the marine environment. Compared with dissolved pollutants, it is more difficult for plastics to disperse evenly in marine media for they existed in solid form for a long time in marine environment. However, in recent years, plastic debris have been found in the ocean, polar and deep sea where are far from their sources, which is obviously closely related to the transport of plastics in the marine environment. On the one hand, the distribution and transport of plastics are affected by their material properties and various environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and consider these factors in designation of marine plastic monitoring activities to improve effectively the sampling representativeness by adjusting and standardizing the sampling scheme. On the other hand, understanding the factors affecting the transport and fate of marine plastics is also a necessary prerequisite for predicting whether plastics will accumulate in specific sea areas or layers and where they would accumulate, for inferring the exposure of plastics in marine habitats, and then for predicting the potential risks of plastics to ecosystems and even human health. Base on relevant researches summarized on the transport behavior of plastics (including microplastics), the factors affecting the horizontal and vertical distribution of marine plastics, and the sampling methods in plastic monitoring activities in seawater and sediments are discussed. According to the research progress related to plastic environmental behavior, the schematic basis and precautions during formulation of plastic debris monitoring activity are analyzed. |
| Key words: marine environmental science plastics microplastics distribution transport monitoring |
